The Indian Army is undertaking a high-priority modernization of its ZU-23-2 air defence guns, transforming the decades-old manually operated system into an advanced counter-drone and low-altitude air defence platform capable of all-weather operations. The initiative comes amid rising concerns over swarm drones and loitering munitions, especially along the LAC and LoC.
A key aspect of the upgrade is the addition of a sophisticated Electro-Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) targeting system designed to enhance detection, tracking, and engagement capabilities. The integrated suite combines high-definition optical imaging with thermal sensors capable of identifying aerial targets at distances of 5–6 kilometres, allowing the system to operate effectively during nighttime and low-visibility conditions.
The upgraded guns are also being fitted with Laser Range Finders connected to digital fire-control systems. This modernization replaces traditional manual targeting methods with automated ballistic computation, enabling the system to calculate accurate firing solutions and lead angles in real time against incoming drones and other fast-moving aerial threats. The result is a significant increase in engagement efficiency and first-round hit probability.
Mechanically, the modernization introduces electric drive motors in place of the older manual hand-operated controls. These high-torque motors provide automated turret movement and target tracking, enabling the system to respond more rapidly to agile and evasive aerial targets. The upgrade reduces operator fatigue while dramatically improving response time and engagement precision.
The Indian Army intends to deploy 142 upgraded ZU-23-2 systems for the protection of key “Vulnerable Areas and Points” such as airbases, logistics nodes, ammunition depots, fuel installations, and strategic infrastructure. These deployments are expected to strengthen protection against low-cost aerial threats increasingly used for reconnaissance and precision attacks.
The program is part of a wider modernization drive within the Army Air Defence branch and parallels upgrades being implemented on the ZSU-23-4 Shilka self-propelled air defence systems. By maintaining compatibility in ammunition, spare components, and maintenance infrastructure, the Army aims to improve overall operational readiness and logistical efficiency across its air defence units.
